GETTING FAMILIAR WITH ‘C’

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2-BryPmXIotBIdtEbH3d4kpFXksKcp5lL165ucX3P4CtIvxAK3cWJqbw-Mhl5ma5jBJGxW9f2B7fofdwVxmLiNl3eLTIt85mzZatiNoA9gVy3STqs5CW3fwGqNgm_oQa2jETZcjeqrTS/s1600/download+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2-BryPmXIotBIdtEbH3d4kpFXksKcp5lL165ucX3P4CtIvxAK3cWJqbw-Mhl5ma5jBJGxW9f2B7fofdwVxmLiNl3eLTIt85mzZatiNoA9gVy3STqs5CW3fwGqNgm_oQa2jETZcjeqrTS/s1600/download+(1).jpg" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">STRUCTURE OF C :-</span></div><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">#include <headerfile1.h></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">#include <headerfile2.h></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">#include <headerFILE.h></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">global declarations</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">return-type main(parameter list)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">statement sequence</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">return-type function1(parameter list)</span></blockquote><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">statement sequence<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">return-type function2(parameter list)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">statement sequence<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">return-type funcTION(parameter list)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">statement sequence<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">NOTE: Statements in 'C' are terminated with  a SEMI-COLON (;)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Structural Analysis :-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">1. #include <headerFILE.h><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Header Files are pre-processor directives that are already present in a folder named "include" that comes with C compiler. They all carry the extension .h and contain functions that have already been provided to the programmer to perform some specific task. For eg.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(a) stdio.h is a header file that contains the Standard Input/Output functions that are needed for basic input/output operations in the program.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(b) conio.h is a header file that deals with the Console Input/Output operations,i.e. dealing with the display on the Console (monitor) when the program is run.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(c) math.h is a header file that provides functions which help in mathematical operations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">2. global declarations<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Global declarations are the values that can be used in the complete program or package created. These values and attributes declared globally can be accessed by  all the functionc and modules created inside the program.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">3.  return-type main(parameter list)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">'return-type' is the type of value returned by the function.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">'main' is special. Our program begins executing at the beginning of main. This means that every program must have a main somewhere. main will usually call other functions to help perform its job, some that you wrote, and others from libraries that are provided for us. 'parameter list' - One method of communicating data between functions is for the calling function to provide a list of values, called arguments, to the function it calls. The parentheses after the function name surround the argument list. In this example, main is defined to be a function that expects no arguments, which can be indicated by the empty list ( ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">NOTE- A C program, whatever its size, consists of functions and variables. A function  contains statements that specify the computing operations to be done, and variables store values used during the computation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">The statements of a function are enclosed in braces { }.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Some of the commonly used functions in 'C' are-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">1. printf()<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">This is a function which is used to get the output as a display on the monitor. The arguments passed to this funtion is displayed as an output. It is a library function which is stored in the header file 'stdio.h'.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">2. scanf()<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">This is a function which is used to get the input from the user. The arguments passed to this funtion are taken as an input. It is a library function which is stored in the header file 'stdio.h'.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">3. getch()<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Generally to hold the output screen on the monitor Alt+F5 is used. Or an alternate way is to use getch() function which is used for the same purpose. It is a library function and is stored in the header file 'conio.h'.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Another function getche() can also be used for the same purpose. The main difference between the two is that the key pressed to return back from the output screen is displayed along with the main output display in the case of getche().<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">4. clrscr()<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">This is a library function that is used to clear the output screen and is defined in the header file 'conio.h'.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Note- The character strings are usually placed inside the double quotes ("..."). The sequence \n in the string is C notation for the newline character, which when printed advances the output to the left margin on the next line. Notice that \n represents only a single character. An escape sequence like \n provides a general and extensible mechanism for representing hard-to-type or invisible characters. Among the others that C provides are \t for tab, \b for backspace, \" for the double quote and \\ for the backslash itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Also note that any characters between /* and */ are ignored by the compiler; they may be used freely to make a program easier to understand.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">DATA TYPES are the types of data that tells the types of values that the variable can store, the type of data that can be dealt with and the associated functions of handling it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Flow of Control-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">1. Sequential control- It is the default flow of control in the program of 'C'.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">2. Conditional control- It is the flow of control  that depends upon a condition test. For eg. if-else, switch-case.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">SYNTAX:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(a) if-else<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">if (condition)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">...}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">else<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">...}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(b) switch-case<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">switch(testing condition)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{case 1: ...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">           ... break;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">case 2: ...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">          ... break;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">case ..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">default: ...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Note: The conditional or looping statements can be nested also. For further details, kindly Contact us and let us know your queries.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">We'll surely respond as soon as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">3. Iterative control- It is the flow of control that repeats itself depending upon a condition test. For eg. for, while, do-while..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">SYNTAX:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(a) for(initialising statement; condition test; update statement)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{ ...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">... statements to be executed repeatedly...(body of loop)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(b) while(condition test)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">body of loop...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">(c) initialising statement<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">do<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">{...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..body of loop...<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">..}<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">while(condition test);<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Till now we are well acquainted with the Basics of 'C' program..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">WE WELCOME YOUR SUGGESTIONS AN QUERIES OVER OUR PRECISE DESCRIPTION..<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us now begin with the basic programming to understand the syntax of various statements that we have learnt so far.</span>So subscribe our Blog to kick off your day with our free stuff.</div>

GETTING FAMILIAR WITH ‘C’

STRUCTURE OF C :- #include <headerfile1.h> #include <headerfile2.h> . . . #include <headerFILE.h> global declarations retu...

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A Big Question- What is C ???

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>C</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">’ is a general purpose Procedural programming language.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRP7T8pR8c-ESyggb6hirSEpf29a7YWHXwJfaJEJD-fZ9ajI46q1Nr8DJp9cxMiDq6fskTiO15zxfVmRYQiT7YIpQRaLeDMFM1qz4SQX34PiYiuHT7tJCqlwkCguzzunuOZgOX1ir3_4VR/s1600/download+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRP7T8pR8c-ESyggb6hirSEpf29a7YWHXwJfaJEJD-fZ9ajI46q1Nr8DJp9cxMiDq6fskTiO15zxfVmRYQiT7YIpQRaLeDMFM1qz4SQX34PiYiuHT7tJCqlwkCguzzunuOZgOX1ir3_4VR/s320/download+(1).jpg" width="224" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In contrast with BCPL and B, C provides a variety of data types. The fundamental data types are characters, and integers and floating point numbers of several sizes. Besides, there is a hierarchy of derived data types created with pointers, arrays, structures and unions. Expressions are formed through a legal combination of operators and operands. Any expression, including an assignment or a function call, can be a statement. Pointers provide for machine-independent address arithmetic.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Functions may have return values of various data  types, structures, unions, or pointers. Any may be a recursive function. Local variables are typically generated with every invocation of the function. The functions of a C program may exist in separate source files that are compiled separately. Variables may be internal to a function, external but known only within a single source file, or visible to the entire program.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An important step is to perform macro substitution on program text, include other source files, and conditional compilation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C is a relatively ``low-level'' language. There are  no operations to deal directly with composite objects such as character strings, sets, lists or arrays, no operations that manipulate an entire array or string, although structures may be copied as a unit. The language does not define any storage allocation facility other than static definition. Finally, C itself provides no input/output facilities and no built-in file access methods. All of these higher-level mechanisms must be provided by explicitly called functions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or ``ANSI C'', was completed in late 1988. Most of the features of the standard are already supported by modern compilers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">Here we are going to discuss 'C' from the very beginning to the extent we can reach through by gathering the most out of our studies.So subscribe our site to get our posts into your mail box. And kick off your day with our updates.</span></div></div>

A Big Question- What is C ???

‘ C ’ is a general purpose Procedural programming language. In contrast with BCPL and B, C provides a variety of data types. The fundamental...

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ORIGIN OF ‘C’

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhWVyfUg1oA2qQ-RFQgBM92AGrOD_QUMOi3zSvoKAnesbk0JzLRw9LF0plwzx6MHRDll2SEl_WS_0AQHNCjBC60AaayGgtuEX7oDoV5yy40pwIB3wyJIEZvfvgZbTHCd-KPY1EANIVWCui/s1600/download+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhWVyfUg1oA2qQ-RFQgBM92AGrOD_QUMOi3zSvoKAnesbk0JzLRw9LF0plwzx6MHRDll2SEl_WS_0AQHNCjBC60AaayGgtuEX7oDoV5yy40pwIB3wyJIEZvfvgZbTHCd-KPY1EANIVWCui/s320/download+(1).jpg" width="225" /></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">P</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: FrankRuehl;">erhaps each one of us is well acquainted with the importance of 'C' as a programming language in the computer world. 'C' was originally designed for and implemented on the UNIX operating system on the DEC PDP-11, by Dennis Ritchie. It has been called the 'System Programming Language' due to it's great deal of utility found in  designing programs for compilers and operating systems along with other big programs as well!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘C’ holds it’s many of the important ideas from the language BCPL, developed by Martin Richards which in turn holds it’s roots in the language B, which was written by Ken<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thompson in 1970 for the first UNIX system on the DEC PDP-7. These led to the development of C in the 1970s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For quite long, the standard for C was the version supplied with the Unix<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">version 5 operating system. It was first explained in <i>The C Programming Language </i>by<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978). In 1983 a committee was established to create an ANSI (American National<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Standards Institute) standard that would define the C language once and for all. The<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">standardization process took six years (much longer than expected).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The ANSI C standard was finally adopted in December 1989, with the first copies<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">launched in early 1990. The standard was also adopted by ISO (International<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Standards Organization) and is now referred to as the ANSI/ISO C standard. Today, all mainstream C/C++ compilers comply with Standard C.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>

ORIGIN OF ‘C’

P erhaps each one of us is well acquainted with the importance of 'C' as a programming language in the computer world. 'C' w...

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ABOUT US

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qqIUVrLrS15CNAKRbitOXnPAZhTIvPw1B5ett3gfqVEKz1ItEYyISMUkzB-bpj3clhOhx-f35oMraj2pjND4HcNtnsNkP1jLpe9F9tJuxHjTbYol40MXLKnZTCFr-R3avwYswjNR2vy4/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0qqIUVrLrS15CNAKRbitOXnPAZhTIvPw1B5ett3gfqVEKz1ItEYyISMUkzB-bpj3clhOhx-f35oMraj2pjND4HcNtnsNkP1jLpe9F9tJuxHjTbYol40MXLKnZTCFr-R3avwYswjNR2vy4/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">T</span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">echie</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O</span></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">asis. A blog created by us to overcome the shortcomings that we face generally, in order to get the accurate results through various search engines!<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since it’s quite time consuming to get the exact filtered results, we have created this blog to refine technical searches as far as possible. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We are students related to computer world trying to learn more and keep sharing with the help of this blog. We hope our efforts to bring something new and interesting proves beneficial for our viewers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestions and Queries related to our blog will be dealt as soon as possible. Kindly contact us in any such case. We are:<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">         </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><u style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Name</u><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">        </span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">  </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">                                                                                    </span><u style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Proceeding in</u><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">            </span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">           <b><i>Ansh Yadav                                                                               Computer Sci and Engg.          <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i> </i></b></span><b style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>         Madhuri Jain                                                                             Computer Sci and Engg.           </i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>         Shashank Pandey                                                                       Computer Sci and Engg. </i></b></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>         </i></b></span><b style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Shubhashish Shukla                                                                  Computer Applications</i></b></div></div>

ABOUT US

T echie O asis. A blog created by us to overcome the shortcomings that we face generally, in order to get the accurate results through vario...

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INTRODUCE YOURSELF TOWARDS HACKING AND CRACKING

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjunXZny72nzk-88rb-aEndm6i0V9SCvXzs3lf0jzQ2RCAs-14LoFYHm75r-KrQt8b71ijK91PCv_ICfJYceIJw5YpuisDadbeVlxy34-bAfrKvj2SfYLmYDcGTag_BGydReZ-hjxfnBYI7/s1600/hacking.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjunXZny72nzk-88rb-aEndm6i0V9SCvXzs3lf0jzQ2RCAs-14LoFYHm75r-KrQt8b71ijK91PCv_ICfJYceIJw5YpuisDadbeVlxy34-bAfrKvj2SfYLmYDcGTag_BGydReZ-hjxfnBYI7/s640/hacking.gif" width="569" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-large;">1.</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">H</span>acking originally meant “making furniture with an axe.” Perhaps because of the crude nature of this technique, the word ‘hacker’ came to mean a person who takes pleasure in using unconventional methods to solve technical obstacles.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">2.    Computer hacking was first practiced in the late 50s, when a group of MIT students prepared punch cards to manipulate an IBM 704 <o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">3.    In early 70s, a hacker, John Draper (a.k.a. Cap’n Crunch) invented a whistle that emits a 2.6 kHz tone used in AT&T’s trunk call switching system. He managed to gain access to call routing (and also a brief time in jail).<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">4.    Before they become billionaires, Apple founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold “blue boxes,” electronic variants of Draper’s whistle. Using the box, Wozniak called the Pope in Vatican City and introduced himself as Henry Kissinger.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">5.   Hacking first went Hollywood in a 1983 movie WarGames, about a kid who breaks a DoD computer and in a scene he hi¬jacked a payphone by hot-wiring it with a pull-ring from soda can. That same year, a group of teens from Milwaukee hacked the Los Alamos National Lab where nuclear weapons researches took place.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">6.    In 1988, Robert T. Morris, invented the worm or self-replicating code, purportedly to assess Internet security. The worm multiplied too well and caused multi-¬million dollar mayhem. Morris now is a computer science researcher a MIT.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">7.    In 2001, Gary McKinnon hacked into dozens of U.S. Navy, Army, NASA, and Pentagon computers. He argued that he wasn’t tracking down military secrets; he was only interesting in finding suppressed government files on extraterrestrial life.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">8.    It was rumored that agents of China’s PLA (People’s Liberation Army) hacked the U.S. power grid and triggered a massive blackout throughout North America in 2003.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">9.    Scott Lunsford, an IBM researcher broke into a computer network in a nuclear power station in just one day.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><br /><span lang="EN-US">10.    Charlie Miller a security researcher found a hole in Safari that can be used to hack a MacBook in just ten seconds.<o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span lang="EN-US">11.    Tadayoshi Kohno from University of Washington found a way to remotely tell a wireless defibrillator to deliver fatal jolts of electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

INTRODUCE YOURSELF TOWARDS HACKING AND CRACKING

1.   H acking originally meant “making furniture with an axe.” Perhaps because of the crude nature of this technique, the word ‘hacker’ came...

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